3.气体传感器嵌入微反应器系统
上述资料提供的关键信息是,相关电阻反应的值与传感器电阻本身的值相比,是更好的瞬间气体浓度指示器。R
esp 值的估值内在的问题是,这种数量要求在两个明显的时间点做电阻测量:时间点t
on,首次测量,传感器在干净的空气条件下运作,在时间点 t
off 进行第2次测量,传感器在分析气体中运作。因而,使用气体测验平台,这些测量易于进行;一些测量基本不可能地在野外进行,在野外传感器持续暴露在大气环境中。为了能够定期地重复测量,在干净空气中,在分析气体条件下,也在野外条件下,我们就嵌入极小陶瓷微型反应腔内MOX气体传感器,在下面做报告。联合一个微型泵,微型反应系统允许MOX气体传感器定期地暴露在纯净和含有分析物的空气中,因而,R
esp值的估算也在野外条件下。
微型反应器技术以前已运用到空气监测问题[
36,
37]。早期的工作,借助于嵌入到微型反应器系统的MOX气体传感器,交通交通相关的空气污染物(NO
2, O
3, CO, CH
4)已被分析。另外,他们的分析能力,这些系统也展现出引入自检能力的潜力。虽然,功能上成功,微型反应器系统已发现小的通用接纳,像按照惯例组合[
36]的,MEMS小型化[37]版的系统是相当复杂和不兼容于通常跟随在MOX传感器领域的低耗方法。这一规则,值得注意的例外是 [
38,
39,
40]。为了使微型反应系统广泛接受,我们下面引入一个种新的微型反应,它避免使用微阀,微阀已成为我们以前设计的复杂事物主要组件。 这种新的微型反应系统,我们后面称为增强微型反应系统(EMRS),有4个主要组件:
1.一个微型腔室,内部由窄的气体进口和出口来隔离周围空气(图 4a,d);
2.一个MOX气体传感器,嵌入在微型腔室内(图4b);
3.一个可加热催化剂,联合嵌入在微型腔室内(图4a,c);
4.一个微型泵,允许空气在微型腔室内抽出来,且由外部空气替换,可能或不可能包含活性气体成分。
为了气体分析,EMRS以定期方式运作,两种不同方式间转换:
(1)活性强压流穿过(泵入)
(2)以有效分离无流方式(泵出)
在主动强制流期间,外部空气带有未知内容反应性痕量气体,在时间点 t
on,被泵入微型反应器,气流维持到时间点t
off (t
off = t
on + ∆t
on )。在强制流期间,MOX气体传感器暴露在做样品用的外部空气中(外部空气内有未知内容的气体分析物)。结束时,测量传感电阻R
gas(t
on + ∆t
on)。在随后的无气流阶段,持续时间∆t
off ,由于入口和出口的大流量阻力,内部空气风量有效地从外部大气分离。在这种无气流阶段,样品活性气体继续与加热型MOX传感器表面交互作用,从而转换活性气体成份为较少活性的后续产物,例如,主要的H
2O 和 CO
2, H
2O 和 CO
2在微型反应器内起到参照气体空气的作用[
36,
37]。在这种参照大气中,传感器电阻R
o(t
on + ∆t
on + ∆t
off)淅淅增加,形成参照点,与引入气体电阻R
gas 对应,R
gas在下一强制流期间淅淅增加,能参与比较。这一点上,它与R
0(t
on + ∆t
on + ∆t
off)的值相关,R
o还依赖于环境湿度浓度,例如H
2O,作为非可燃空气组分,不参与内部反应转换过程[
36,
37]。假使泵入的气体样品在时间段∆t
off内,不能足够快速地转换成参照空气,过程可能被加速,通过加额外的加热集成催化剂。
下面报告的基于增强微反应器系统(EMRS)的气体检测实验,已使用掺金的S
nO
2 薄膜来实施。S
nO
2薄膜是通过使用调整过的流变生长与热氧化(RGTO)技术生产的,并沉积在预制的加热型元件上[
42,
43] (图 4b).在EMRS试验期间,嵌入的MOX传感器,经由铂(P
t) 加热器弯管,加热到它们的运行温度,铂加热器电阻值在加热期间增长,被用于推断传感器运行的实际温度值。协整可加热的催化剂,由跟MEMS和MOX气体传感器同样技术生产的。催化剂元素,然而,有一个较大的可加热热盘区,总计1.5 mm × 1.5 mm [
43] (图 4c)。为了使这些元素催化激活,钯薄膜((P
d) 被蒸发到热盘的背面。借助外部微型泵(图 4d)气体穿过EMRS,泵入状态下,可实现流速大约150 sccm。更多关于MEMS(微电子机械系统)传感器和催化组件,可看
附录B。
本文原著:A. Helwig, A. Hackner, G. Müller, D. Zappa, G. Sberveglieri
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was financed through the EU-funded projects “NANOS4” (FP6-NMP4–CT–2003-001528) and SNOOPY SEC-2012.3.4-4 (2014–2016). Funds for covering the costs to publish in open access were not received by the EU as this paper was published after project termination.
Appendix A
SnO2 nanowires were been synthesized by means of evaporation-condensation method according to the protocol described elsewhere [33,34]. Briefly, alumina substrates (2 mm × 2 mm × 0.25 mm in size) are pre-patterned with Pt acting as catalyst for the growth of nanowires. SnO2 powders are placed in a tubular furnace and heated at a temperature of 1370 °C in a background of 100 mbar of Ar; substrates are lodged downstream in a colder region at around T = 800 °C. Thereafter, Pd nanoparticles are sputtered at room temperature over the nanowire mesh by means of RF magnetron sputtering up to a Pd/Sn ratio of 3(wt %.). Pt electrodes with a comb-like shape and a gap of 200 nm are deposited over the tin oxide layer to provide contacts for two-probe electrical measurements. A Pt meander, acting both as a heater resistance and a temperature sensor is sputtered on the rear side of the substrate. Finally, the device is soldered on a commercial TO38 case. Full details of the sensor layout are provided in [35].
The MEMS microheaters were fabricated by a combination of dry and wet etching techniques starting from silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers [44,45]. The microstructuring leads to free-standing silicon bridges suspended over a KOH etch groove. Pt electrodes sputtered onto the front side of the silicon bridges served as heater meanders and temperature sensors and as bottom contacts for SnO2 thin films. Thin films of SnO2 were deposited onto pre-processed MEMS microheaters by means of the RGTO (rheotaxial growth and thermal oxidation) technique [43]. The preparation of catalytically enhanced SnO2 starts with the evaporation of a three-layer stack of Sn/Au/Sn onto a pre-fabricated MEMS heater substrate. After evaporation the metallic films are annealed in ambient air at a temperature of 600 °C for several hours to completely convert the tin (Sn) into nano-crystalline SnO2 films [43]. During oxidation nano-crystalline SnO2 films with an average grain size of about 20 nm are formed, alongside with interspersed Au catalyst clusters, which phase-separate from the emerging SnO2 during the tin oxidation process.
Author Contributions
Andreas Helwig designed and built the EMRS devices and performed gas sensing tests on these, Angelika Hackner performed the HMDS poisoning experiments on the SnO2 nanowire samples and performed the corresponding gas sensing tests, Gerhard Müller designed and conceived the experiments and performed most of the paper writing, Dario Zappa prepared the SnO2 nanowire samples, Giorgio Sberveglieri developed the RGTO and the evaporation-condensation methods for preparing SnO2 thin films and SnO2 nanowire samples at the University of Brescia. Giorgio Sberveglieri also contributed to the paper writing.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. In particular the founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
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